UNIT III
■ STANDARD COMPETENCE
Understand about a passage about SHE GOT AN ACUTE ASTHMATIC ATTACK and the function of TO BE and AUXILIARIES VERB, NOUN and ADJECTIVE in sentences properly.
■ BASIC COMPETENCE
■ Understand a passage based on the topic.
■ Understand how to use TO BE and AUXILIARIES VERB, NOUN and ADECTIVE a properly in sentences, paragraphs, composition in writing (passive English) and oral (Active English) properly.
■ Understand more about “an ideal friend” and its supported vocabularies in telling story to support speaking skill
■ Can communicate well using “ an ideal friend” As the theme and some supported vocabularies
■ INDICATOR
After teaching and learning process students are expected to be:
- Able to explain about a passage and the function of TO BE and AUXILIARIES VERB, NOUN and ADECTIVE in sentences.
- Able to use TO BE and AUXILIARIES VERB, NOUN and ADECTIVE properly in sentences, paragraph, composition (passive English) and oral (active English).
- Able to communicate using “an ideal friend” As the theme and some supported vocabularies
A. READING
SHE GOT AN ACUTE ASTHMATIC ATTACK
Mrs. John is 37 years old and has a 15 years old son. She has had intermittent admission to hospital with acute attacks of asthma since she was 21. This time the asthmatic attract was due to bronchitis which Mrs. John had had for three days.
After initial treatment in casualty department, she was taken to the ward and helped into bed. The nurse assigned to her care welcomed her to the ward, gently told her that she would soon be feeling more comfortable, and ensured that she was well supported with four pillows. The oxygen therapy commenced in casualty was continued.
Exercises
1. What happened to Mrs. John?
2. How long has she got the disease?
3. What department should she stay in?
4. Retell the passage well.
B. GRAMMAR
TO BE and AUXILIARIES VERB
By enlarging the concept of auxiliaries to indicate not only independent structure words but also the inflectional endings of the simple present and the simple past tense, modern grammarians are abele to claim that differences between the present and past tenses are marked by the auxiliary alone.
| Tense | To be / Auxiliary Verb | (Verb Used) |
| Present Past | Am, is, were Was, were | …………………………. …………………………. |
| Present Past | Do, does Did | …………………………. …………………………. |
| Present Past | Have, has Had | …………………………. …………………………. |
1. MODAL AUXLIARIES
The modal auxiliaries have a number of different meanings. They are generally used to indicate something which is potential or uncertain.
Remember that a modal is an auxiliary, and thus is NEVER used with do, does, or did. The modal include:
| Will Can May Shall Must (have to) | Would (used to) Could Might Should (ought to)(had better) Had to |
Note : Word in parentheses (……..) indicate semi modals. These have similar meanings to the modal, but are not grammatically the same.
Negation of modals. To make a modal negative, add the particle not after the modal.
§ Dita would like to leave.
§ Dita would not like to leave.
Question with modal: to make a question, once place the modal at the beginning of the sentences.
§ Would Dita like to leave?
Note: A modal is always directly followed the simple form (verb word). This is the infinitive without to
| INFINITIVE | SIMPLE FORM |
| To be To go To have | Be Go Have |
This means that after a modal there can NEVER be:
a. Verb – ing
b. Verb – (s/es)
c. Past tense
d. Infinitive
There are two ways that a modal there can occur:
| a. | Modal + simple form of the verb |
§ Would be
§ Could be
§ Will have
| b. | Modal + have + (verb in past participle) |
§ Would have been
§ Could have gone
§ Will have had
Note: The word have, of course, must always be in the simple form after a modal; it can never be has or had.
Meanings of the modal: each of the modal has a different meaning. It is necessary to know the meaning of each.
Will: will indicate future certainly
§ Dona will begin the job tomorrow
§ Maria Ochoa will leave in January
2. NOUN
Noun is the head of sentences that arrange with verb to form a sentences core which is essential to complete sentence.
There are some kinds of noun they are:
a. Proper noun
§ Proper noun begins with a capital latter is writing it includes:
§ Personal names (Mr. Smith)
§ Names of geographic unit (countries, cities, rivers) e.g.: Indonesia, Mississippi.
§ Names of nationalities and Religion (Indonesian, Christianity)
§ Names of holidays (Easter, Christmas)
§ Name of time units (Saturday, June)
b. Concrete or abstract nouns
1) Concrete noun is a word for a physical object that can be perceived by the senses ► we can see, touch, smell, the object (flower, girl)
2) An abstract nouns is a word for a concept ► it is an idea that exists in our minds only (justice, kindness, beauty)
c. Countable and uncountable noun
1) Countable noun or CN is noun that can be counted. These noun can usually be made plural by the addition of = S
For example: girl – girls
These nouns also can use many, several, some in front of plural noun and if the noun singular, the verb to be is or was but if it is plural the verb to be is are or were.
2) Uncountable noun
Uncountable noun is not used in the plural, cannot be counted, cannot be given by the addition of an/ a in front of the noun but the word can be usually be added much in front of the word. The verb to be is “is 9for present) or was (for past)”.
For example: tea, coffee, food, chalk, rice, air, money, iron, gold, information.
| Used for CN | Used for UCN |
| § a (N), the, some, any § this, these, that, those § none, one, two three ………. § Many § a lot of   large§ a number of great § a few § fewer …… than § more ……. Than | The, some, any This, that None Much (-, ?) A lot of (+) A large a mount of A little Less ………..than More ……… than |
d. Collective Noun
Collective is a word for a group of people, animals or object, considered as a single unit.
For example:
| Audience Committee Class Crew Orchestra Folk: rakyat | Flock : jemaah Government Herd : kawanan Majoring Enemy Team Public | Faculty Family Group Jury Nation Press |
These nouns use singular verb.
E.g. the committee has decided tom make rules.
Collective nouns are countable noun.
|
e. Noun Compounds
Noun compounds is a group of words usually two but sometimes more joined together into one vocabulary unit that function as a single part of speech. They are:
| Noun + Noun Possessive noun + noun Adjective + Noun Verb + Noun N + Verb Gerund + N N + gerund Preposition + N V + Prep + Adv N + Pre phrase | è Bathroom, department store, grammar book è Lady’s maid, artist’s model è Blackbird, blueprint, commonsense è Pick pocket, flash light, dance team è Handshake, garbage dump, lifeguard è Dinning room, punching bag è Fortune telling, house cleaning è Overalls, by-way, down pour è Breakdown, make-up, grow up è Son-in-low, editor in chief |
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives fall into two categories: descriptive and limiting. Descriptive adjectives are those which describe the color, size, or quality of o person or thing (noun or pronoun). Limiting adjectives place restrictions an the words they modify (quantity, distance, possession, etc).
Note: only these and those are plural forms. All others remain the same whether the noun is singular or plural.
| DESCRIPTIVE | LIMITING | |
| Beautiful Large Red Interesting Important Colorful | Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers Possessives Demonstrative Quantity Articles | (one, two) (first, second) (my, your, his) (this, that, these, those) (few, many, much) (a, an, the) |
When descriptive adjective modify a singular countable nouns, they are usually preceded by a, an or the.
§ A pretty girl
§ An interesting story
§ The red dress
Adjective normally precede the noun they modify, or follow linking verbs. Adjective modify only nouns, pronouns, and linking verbs.
Note: adjective answers the question: What kind …….?
2. ADVERBS
Adverbs modify verbs (except linking verbs), adjectives, or other adverbs.
Many descriptive
Adjective can be changed to adverbs by adding – ly to the adjective base.
| ADJECTIVES | ADVERBS |
| Bright Careful Quiet | Brightly Carefully Quietly |
Note: The following words are also adverbs; so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. And adverb answers the question: How ….?
§ David is reading carefully
(How is David reading?)
§ Maria Elena speaks Spanish fluently
(How does she speak?)
§ Rita drank too much coffee
(How much coffee did she drink?)
§ I don’t play tennis very well
(How well do I play?)
§ He was driving fast
(How was he driving?)
§ She reviewed her notes carefully
(How did she review her notes?)
Adjectives with Linking Verbs
A special category of verbs connects or links the subject with the subject complement (predicate adjective). Unlike most verbs, these do not show action. They must be modified by adjectives, not verbs.
| Be Become Remain Stay | Appear Seem Sound Taste | Feel Look Smell |
· Mary feels bad about her test grade
· Children become tired quite easily
· Lucy will look radiant in her new dress
· The flowers smell sweet
· The soup tastes good
Be, become, and remain can be followed by noun phrases as well as adjectives.
· They remained sad even thought I tired to cheer them up.
Sad is adjective
· Doug remained chairman of the board despite the opposition.
Chairman is noun phrase
· Children often become bored at meetings.
Bored is adjective
· Christine became class president after a long, hard campaign.
Class president is noun phrase
· Sally will be happy when she hears the good news.
Happy is adjective
· Ted will be prom king this year
Prom king is noun phrase
Feel, look, smell and taste many also be transitive verbs and take a direct object. When they function in this way, they become active and are modified by adverbs. Notice the following pairs of sentences. Those which take objects are active, and which do not are linking.
o The doctor felt leg carefully to see if there were any.
The leg is object
Carefully is adverb
o Mike felt ecstatic after passing his law school exam.
Ecstatic is adjective
o Professor Ingells looked at the exams happily
The exams are object
o Joey does not look happy today
Happily is adverb
o The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly
The flowers are object
Gingerly is adverb
o After being closed up far so long, the house smells musty.
Musty is adjective
o The chef tasted the meat cautiously before presenting it to the king.
The meat is object
Cautiously is adverb
o Your chocolate cake tastes delicious
Delicious is adjectives
EXERCISES
I. Cross out the incorrect form in parentheses
1. Rita plays the violin (good/well)
2. That is an (intense/intensely) novel
3. The sun is shining (bright/brightly)
4. The girl speak (fluent/fluently) French
5. The boys speak Spanish (fluent/fluently)
6. The table has a (smooth/smoothly) surface
7. We must figure our income tax returns (accurate/accurately)
8. We don’t like to drink (bitter/bitterly) tea
9. The plane will arrive (soon/sonly)
10. He had an accident because he was driving too (fast/fastly)
II. Fill in the blanks with the correct adjectives or adverbs
1. Your music sounds ……………
2. The pianist play very …………….
3. The food in the restaurant always tastes …………..
4. The campers remained …….despite the thunderstorm
5. The became ……… after eating the contaminated food
6. Professor Calandra looked ……… at the student’s sketches
7. Paco was working ………….on the project.
8. Paul protested …………….about the new proposals.
9. Our neighbors appeared ………..after their vacation.
10. The music sounded too …………..to be classical.
C. SPEAKING
An ideal friend
Dave: hello?
Jim: Hi, my name’s James brandy. I’m calling about the ads for a roommate.
Dave: oh, yes.
Jim: are you still looking for someone?
Dave: yes, we are
Jim: oh, good. I’m really interested.
Dave: there are four of us, and It’s a fairly small house. So we want someone who is easy to along with.
Jim: well, I’m pretty easy going.
Dave: great. Can I ask you a few questions?
Development I
Continue the conversation above. Use your own questions and your own information. The questions may include:
1. Identity
2. Habits/ hobbies
3. Family background
4. Education background
5. Personality
6. Social activities
After getting the data, guess the personalities of the caller, explain your opinion!
These personal qualities may help you develop your conversation.
Easygoing independent proud ambitious
Emotional moody sociable punctual
Generous patient reliable selfish
Diligent smart religious etc.
D. WRITING
Write one of your friend’s characteristics in your class, and your own characteristic.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frank Marcella. Modern English: a practical reference Guide. New Jersey. Practice Hall. 1972
Kokomaking D. joakim, Handoyo,Pujo. Tsardosslapito. Keep on Conversing. A compilation of speaking materials for conversation classes.Jakarta. ABA pertiwi- BBC INTERNATIONAL. 1998
Matreyek, walter. Communicating in English: examples and models (material for language practice). Vol 3 Situation. New York. Pergamon Press. 1983
Thomson & Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University, Hong Kong,1986
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