MODUL BAHASA INGGRIS I Apikes Citra Medika, Unit IV

UNIT IV

■   STANDARD COMPETENCE

Understand about “What should you know about drugs” and the function of TENSES in sentences properly.

■   BASIC COMPETENCE

1.      Understand What should you know about drugs

2.      Understand how to use Tenses properly in sentences, paragraphs, composition in writing (passive English) and oral (Active English) properly.

3.      Understand more about it out and its supported vocabularies in telling story to support speaking skill

4.      Can communicate well using “find it out” As the theme and some supported vocabularies and expressions, “asking for repetition.”

■   INDICATOR

After teaching and learning process students are expected to be :

1. Able to explain about MEDICAL RECORDS AND HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNICIANS I and the function of the in sentences.
2. Able to use THE properly in sentences, paragraph, composition (passive English) and oral (active English).
3. Able to communicate using “Find it out” As the theme and some supported vocabularies and using good expressions for repetition.

A.       READING

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT DRUGS

A medicine is a substance which can cure or prevent disease, replace vital substance that the body lacks and suppress or relieve symptoms.  But the word drug as well as narcotic has got negative meaning in public because of drug abuser. Actually Narcotic is a type of drug that stops pain or makes one sleep, often addictive when taken in large closes (obat bius). Drug is any substance used in medicine (obat) and a substance, sometimes one used in medicine, taken by some people to achieve a certain effect, eg. Great happiness or excitement( obat bius). All drugs possesses a potential benefit and a potential risk. Drugs used for minor complaints generally have obvious benefits and negligible risks. Otherwise, most of us would prefer to put with complaint. For more serious diseases more powerful drugs are required and the risk of adverse reaction is usually higher, but well worth taking.

With dangerous diseases like cancer, the benefit x risk ratio becomes a major consideration. Often unwanted side effects, such as loss of hair, have to be accepted to gain the benefits.

Adverse reaction to drugs takes many forms. Some happen to every one; some effect only certain people, such as those with liver diseases. Xerostomia (dryness of the mount) , drowsiness, skin rash, itchiness are minor reactions. Anaphylactic shock is a major reactions that may occasionally be fatal.

Drugs often have two names, a general name and a proprietary  or brand name which the manufacture gives to his product. For example, the painkiller, paracetamol, is also called panadol, tempra depending on which drug company makes and markets it.

Exercises:

1.      What is a medicine?

2.      Mention some minor reactions that may be produced by drugs.

3.      What should we do if we take medicine and we get allergic reaction? Why should we do that, explain your answer!

4.      Which one do you prefer drugs to herb? Why?

5.      Do you think medicine has bigger effect or smaller effect to our health? Why?

B.        GRAMMAR

TENSES

Setiap ujaran dalam bahasa inggris selalu melibatkan penggunaan berbagai macam bentuk kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan saat kejadian suatu peristiwa. Penyesuaian bentuk ini disebut Tense (kala).

Ada tiga dimensi waktu lampau (past time), waktu kini (present time), dan waktu mendatang (future time). Ketiga dimensi waktu ini dibagi dalam dua keolmpok besat tense (kala), yaitu past tense dan present tense, yang masing-masing terdiri dari 8 (delapan) buah sub-tense seperti terlihat pada bagian dibawah ini.

TENSES

PRESENT TENSE	PAST TENSE
Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Future Present Perfect Continuous Present Future Continuous Present Future Perfect Present Future Perfect Continuous	Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Future Past Perfect Continuous Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous

Dasar pemahaman tense terletak sepenuhnya pada penggunaan kat kerja yang sesuai dengan aturan-atauran yang ada pada masing-masing sub-tense tersebut.

Berikut contoh daftar kata kerja dan penggolongannya, diikuti dengan formulasi dan aplikasi dasar pada setiap sub-tense.

V1	V2		V3			Ving
(Infinitive)	(Preterit)		(Past Participle)			(Present Participle)
		Ordinary Verb (Regular)
Talk Work Study	Talked Worked Studied		Talked Worked Studied			Talking Working Studying
	Ordinary Verb (Irregular)
Write Sing Bring	Wrote Sang Brought		Written Sung Brought			Writing Singing Bringing
	Auxiliary  Verb (to be)
Be, am, is, are	Was, were		Been			Being
	Auxiliary  Verb (modal)
Shall Will Can May Must Need Ought Dare -	Should Would Could Might - - - - Used		- - - - - - - - -			- - - - - - - - -

Pembicaraan pertama dipusatkan pada penggunaan present tense terlebih dahulu, diawali dengan tense yang paling sederhana sampai pada tingkatan compound tense (kata majemuk)

1.      PRESENT TENSE

a.      Present Simple (me ……..)

1)      Verbal (menggunakan ordinary verb: ‘kata kerja utama’):

		V1		: I / You / We / They / write
(+) S +
		V1 + s
				: He / She / writes

		Do not		: I / You / We / They do not write
(-) S +
		Does not
				: He / She does not writes

		do			: I / You / We / They / write
( ? )				+ S + V1
		does
					: He / She / writes

2)      Nominal (menggunakan auxiliary verb to be: am, is, are):

	Am		: I am happy
( + ) S +	Is	+ adjective/noun/adverb	: He / She is a teacher
	Are		: You / We / They are here

	Am not		: I am not happy
( - ) S +	Is not	+ adj/noun/adv	: He / She is not a teacher
	Are not		: You / We / They are not here

	Am		: am I happy
( + ) S +	Is	+ S +  adj/noun/adverb	: is He / She a teacher
	Are		: are You / We / They here

Ø  Tense Marker (tanda kala)

On (Mondays, Saturdays, Sundays); every (hour, day, week, month, year); sometime, always, seldom, never, often, usually, frequently, generally, occasionally, rarely, scarcely, hardly, ever, etc.

Ø  Usage (penggunaan)

1.      General truth (kebenaran umum)

Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang merupakan hukum alam atau fakta.

Contoh:

·         The sun rises in the East ·         Coffee comes from Brazil ·         A cow has four legs

(Matahari terbit dari Timur) (Kopi berasal dari Brazilia) (Sapi punya empat kaki)

2.      Habitual action (kebiasaan)

Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang biasa atau berulang-ulang terjadi pada waktu kini.

Contoh:

·         I get up early in the morning ·         She never watches TV ·         They are always late

(Aku bangun pagi sekali) (Dia tidak pernah nonton TV) (Mereka selalu terlambat)

Ø  Supplementary Note (Catatan penting):

Present simple dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan sutau kegiatan yang akan terjadi pada waktu mendatang jika kegiatan itu merupakan suatu rutinitas yang terencana. Biasanya kata kerja yang digunakan menyangkut keberangkatan/kedatangan (lihat future tense, Supplementary Note b)

b.      Present Continuous (sedang me …………..)

	Am		: I am writing
( + ) S +	Is	+ Ving	: He / She is writing
	Are		: You / We / They are writing

	Am not		: I am not writing
( - ) S +	Is not	+ Ving	: He / She is not writing
	Are not		: You / We / They are not writing

	Am		: am I writing
( + ) S	Is	+ Ving	: is He / She writing
	Are		: are You / We / They writing

Ø  Tense marker:

Now, at (this time, this moment, present) today

Ø  Usage:

1.      Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat pembicaraan.

Contoh:

·         They are watching TV now

(Mereka sedang nonton TV sekarang)

·         At this moment the students are discussing “tenses”

(Saat ini para siswa sedang membahas “tenses”)

2.      Menyatakan sutau peristiwa yang akan terjadi pada waktu mendatang, tanpa direncanakan terlebfih dahulu. Penggunaan pada bagian ini diikuti dengan time adverbal (keterangan waktu)

Contoh:

·         I am seeing Didik tonight

(Aku akan menemui Didik nanti malam)

·         The visitors are coming soon

(Para tamu akan segera datang)

Ø  Supplementary Note:

Kata kerja yang berkenaan dengan indra, rasa dan pikir  tidak mempunyai V ing: see, hear, smell, feel, want, wish, think, forget, remember, know, understand, etc. kecuali untuk kata-kata yang mempunyai pengertian tertentu: see (menemui), think (berpikir), etc. atau bila digunakan sebagai Gerund.

c.       Present Perfect (sudah me…….)

		Have			: I / You / We / They have  written
( + ) S +				+ V3
		Has
					: He / She has  written

		Have not			: I / You / We / They have not  written
( - ) S +				+ V3
		Has not
					: He / She has not  written

		Have			: Have I / You / We / They  written
( ? ) S +				+ S + V3
		Has
					: Has He / She  written

Ø  Tense marker:

1.      Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai dilakukan dan hasilnya masih terasa pada waktu kini. Dengan kata lain, present perfect tense menekankan hasil atau akibat suatu kejadian yang telah usai dilakukan.

Contoh:

·            Dina has left my house

(Dina sudah meninggalkan rumahku)

=           Dewi is not my house anymore

(Dewi tidak berada dirumahku lagi)

·            I have taken a bath

(Aku sudah mandi)

=           I am clean now

(Aku bersih sekarang)

Penggunaan present perfect tense pada bagian ini tidak memerlukan keterangan waktu.

2.      Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung sejak waktu lampau dan masih berlangung hingga kini. Digunakan dengan menyertakan keterangan waktu tertentu.

Contoh:

·      Chika has studied English since 2000

     (Chika sudah belajar bahasa inggris sejak 2000)

·      They have stayed in the hotel for a week

     (Mereka sudah menginap di hotel ini selama seminggu)

·      Kiki have been here since 2007

     (Kiki sudah berada di sini sejak 2007)

·      The hotel receptionist has explained it for an hour

     (Penerima tamu hotel itu sudah menjelaskannya selama satu jam)

3.      Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum suatu peristiwa lain (present/kebiasaan) terjadi.

·         Deddy has had breakfast before he goes to school

(Deddy sudah makan pagi sebelum ia pergi ke sekolah)

·         After Ratih has finished her work, she goes home

(Seelah Ratih membereskan tugasnya, ia pulang)

·         They have prayed before they leave the room

(Mereka telah berdoa sebelum mereka meninggalkan ruangan)

Dari contoh di atas terlihat pola sebagai berikut:

Present Perfect Tense before Present Simple Tense after Present Perfect tense, Past Simple Tense

d.      Present Future (akan me ………..)

1)      Verbal

		Shall			: I / We shall  write
( + ) S +				+ V1
		Will
					: You / He / She / They will  write

		Shall not			: I / We shall not  write
( - ) S +				+ V1
		Will not
					: You/He/She/They will not  write

		Shall			: Shall I / We  write
( ? ) S +				+ S + V1
		Will
					: Will You / He / She / They  write

2)      Nominal

		Shall be			: I / We shall be happy
( + ) S +				+ adj/noun/adv
		Will be
					: You/He /She/They will be  write

		Shall be not			: I / shall not be happy
( - ) S +				+ adj/noun/adv
		Will be not
					: He will not be here

		Shall			: Shall We be happy
( ? )				+ S + be + adj/noun/adv
		Will
					: Will he be write

Ø  Tense marker:

Tomorrow, next (week, year, Friday); the day  after tomorrow; later soon; immediately.

Ø  Usage:

Menyatakan sutau peristiwa yang akan terjadi pada waktu mendatang.

Contoh:

*He will quota a sentence from the book.

*They will offer you a room.

*I shall order the goods

*We shall hold a meeting here.

Ø  Supplementary note:

Auxiliary shall and will bisa diganti BE GOING TO jika peristiwa itu akan segera dilakukan dalam waktu dekat dan direncanakan terlebih dahulu.

Contoh

* they will/ are going to leave the house soon.

*he will/ is going to hold a party tomorrow.

2.      PAST TENSE